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IP
ADDRESS
Definition
of IP:
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Many IP addresses are
reserved and we cannot use those IP address. There are five IP address Classes
and certain special addresses.
Default Network
The IP address
of 0.0.0.0 is used for the default network. When a program sends a packet to an
address that is not added in the on the computer's routing table, the packet is
forwarded to the gateway for 0.0.0.0, which may able to route it to the correct
address.
Class A IP addresses
"Class
A" IP addresses are for very large networks. The left most bit
of the left most octet of a "Class A" network is reserved as
"0". The first octet of a "Class A" IP address is used to
identify the Network and the three remaining octets are used to identify the
host in that particular network (Network.Host.Host.Host).
The 32 bits of
a "Class A" IP address can be represented as
0xxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.
The minimum
possible value for the leftmost octet in binaries is 00000000 (decimal
equivalent is 0) and the maximum possible value for the leftmost octet is
01111111 (decimal equivalent is 127). Therefore for a "Class A" IP
address, leftmost octet must have a value between 0-127 (0.X.X.X to 127.X.X.X).
The network 127.0.0.0
is known as loopback network. The IP address 127.0.0.1 is used by the
host computer to send a message back to itself. It is commonly used for
troubleshooting and network testing.
Computers not
connected directly to the Internet need not have globally-unique IP
addresses. They need an IP addresses unique to that network only.
10.0.0.0 network belongs to "Class A" is reserved for private use
and can be used inside any organization.
Class B IP addresses
"Class
B" IP addresses are used for medium-sized networks. Two left
most bits of the left most octet of a "Class B" network is reserved
as "10". The first two octets of a "Class B" IP address is
used to identify the Network and the remaining two octets are used to identify
the host in that particular network (Network.Network.Host.Host).
The 32 bits of
a "Class B" IP address can be represented as
10xxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.
The minimum
possible value for the leftmost octet in binaries is 10000000 (decimal
equivalent is 128) and the maximum possible value for the leftmost octet is
10111111 (decimal equivalent is 191). Therefore for a "Class B" IP
address, leftmost octet must have a value between 128-191 (128.X.X.X to
191.X.X.X).
Network
169.254.0.0 is known as APIPA (Automatic Private IP Addresses). APIPA
range of IP addresses are used when a client is configured to
automatically obtain an IP address from the DHCP server was unable to
contact the DHCP server for dynamic IP address.
Class C IP addresses
"Class
C" IP addresses are commonly used for small to mid-size
businesses. Three left most bits of the left most octet of a "Class
C" network is reserved as "110". The first three octets of a
"Class C" IP address is used to identify the Network and the
remaining one octet is used to identify the host in that particular network
(Network.Network.Networkt.Host).
The 32 bits of
a "Class C" IP address can be represented as
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.
The minimum
possible value for the leftmost octet in binaries is 11000000 (decimal
equivalent is 192) and the maximum possible value for the leftmost octet is
11011111 (decimal equivalent is 223). Therefore for a "Class C" IP
address, leftmost octet must have a value between 192-223 (192.X.X.X to
223.X.X.X).
Networks
starting from 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.0 are reserved for private use.
Class D IP addresses
Class D IP
addresses are known as multicast IP addresses. Multicasting is
a technique developed to send packets from one device to many other devices,
without any unnecessary packet duplication. In multicasting, one packet is
sent from a source and is replicated as needed in the network to
reach as many end-users as necessary. You cannot assign these IP addresses to
your devices.
Four left most
bits of the left most octet of a "Class D" network is reserved as
"1110". The other 28 bits are used to identify the group of computers
the multicast message is intended for.
The minimum
possible value for the left most octet in binaries is 11100000 (decimal
equivalent is 224) and the maximum possible value for the leftmost octet is
11101111 (decimal equivalent is 239). Therefore for a "Class D" IP
address, leftmost octet must have a value between 223-239 (223.X.X.X to
239.X.X.X).
Class E IP addresses
Class E is used
for experimental purposes only and you cannot assign these IP addresses to
your devices.
Four left most
bits of the left most octet of a "Class E" network is reserved as
"1111".
The minimum
possible value for the left most octet in binaries is 11110000 (decimal
equivalent is 240) and the maximum possible value for the leftmost octet is 11111111
(decimal equivalent is 255). Therefore for a "Class E" IP address,
leftmost octet must have a value between 240-255 (240.X.X.X to 255.X.X.X).
Limited Broadcast
255.255.255.255
is used to send messages to all devices in the LAN and this IP addrress is
known as limited broadcast IP address.
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